Definition and Examples of Logographs

A  logograph is a  letter, symbol, or sign used to represent a word or phrase. Adjective: logographic. Also known as a logogram. The following logographs are available on most alphabetic keyboards: $,  Ã‚ £,  Ã‚ §, , , %, , and -. In addition, the single-digit Arabic number symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are logographic symbols. The best-known examples of a logographic writing system are Chinese and Japanese. Though originally derived from ideographs, the symbols of these languages now stand for words and syllables and do not refer directly to concepts or things (David Crystal,  The Penguin Encyclopedia, 2004). Etymology:  From the Greek, word writingPronunciation:  LO-go-graf Examples and Observations English doesnt have many logographs. Here are a few: %  £ We would read those as and, per cent, at, and pound. And in maths we have several more, such as the signs for minus, multiplied by, divided by, and square root of. Quite a few of the special signs in chemistry and physics are logographs, too.Some languages consist entirely of logographs. Chinese is the best known. Its possible to write Chinese with an alphabet like the one we use for English, but the traditional way of writing the language is to use logographs—though theyre usually called characters when we talk about Chinese.(David Crystal, A Little Book of Language. Yale University Press, 2010) Logographs in English Logographs are used in many languages, including English. When the symbol [2] is used to represent the word two in English, it is being used as a logograph. The fact that it can also be used to represent the number deux two in French and the number mbili two in Shinzwani means that, although the same sign can be used as a logograph in different languages, the way it is pronounced can be different, depending on the language in which it is functioning as a logograph. Another sign that is used as a logograph in a lot of different languages is the []. In contemporary English, it has come to mean at and is used as part of an Internet address. It works comfortably in English to say myname-at-myinternetaddress, but this doesnt work as well in some other languages.(Harriet Joseph Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, 2nd ed. Cengage, 2009) Logographs in Texting What novelty there is in texting lies chiefly in the way it takes further some of the processes used in the past. . . . There are no less than four processes combined in iowan2bwu I only want to be with you: full word an initialism a shortened word two logograms an initialism a logogram.(David Crystal, 2b or not 2b? The Guardian [UK], July 5, 2008) Processing Logographs Whereas earlier studies had indicated that  logographs are  processed by the right and alphabets by the left hemisphere of the brain, [Rumjahn] Hoosain provides more recent data suggesting that both are processed in the left, though possibly in different areas of the left. (Insup Taylor and David R.  Olson, Introduction to  Scripts and Literacy: Reading and Learning to Read Alphabets, Syllabaries, and Characters. Springer, 1995)

The Negro Digs Up His Past - 1700 Words

Why Dig Up the Past? This article â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past’’ by Arthur schomburg on 1925, elaborates more on the struggles of slavery as well as how history tend to be in great need of restoration through mindfully exploring on the past. The article, however started with an interesting sentence which caught my attention, especially when the writer says ‘’The American Negro must remark his past in order to make his future’’ (670). This statement according the writer, explains how slavery took away the great deal freedom from people of African descendant, through emancipation and also increase in diversity. The writer (Arthur Schomburg) however, asserts that â€Å"the negro has been throughout the centuries of controversy an active collaborator, and often a pioneer, in the struggle for his own freedom and advancement† (670). In other words, this tend to take a great vast amount of time for the society to understand the great impo rtance of intelligent people of African descendant, who tend to be capable of, just as any other ethics group, alternatively, for many centuries this has not be recognized because of the fact that the continuation of hatred and segregation flourished continually not until current decades, thereby, causing a standstill to the the advancement of the Africans. It is observed that the historical happenings have a great negativity on the face of the society, which is yet to be fixed. And so,Show MoreRelatedThe Negro Digs Up His Past920 Words   |  4 Pagesbeyond his times. In the article â€Å"The Negro Digs up His Past†. The beginning of this essay revealed a powerful statement, â€Å"The American Negro must remake his past in order to make his future† (Arthur Schomburg). It is very clear, Schomburg realized the importance of being knowledgeable on your true history. â€Å"History must restore what slavery took away, for it is the social damage of slavery that the prese nt generations must repair and offset†. Therefore, I acquiesce with such statement, it is up toRead MoreThe Negro Digs Up His Past By Arthur Schomburg1549 Words   |  7 Pages The article â€Å"The Negro Digs Up His Past’’ by Arthur schomburg on 1925, elaborates more on the struggles of slavery as well as how history tend to be in great need of restoration through mindfully exploring on the past. The article, however started with an interesting sentence which caught my attention, especially when the writer says ‘’The American Negro must remark his past in order to make his future’’ (670). This statement according the writer, explains how slavery took away the great deal freedomRead MoreRestoring the History of African Americans in The Negro Digs Up His Past by Arthur Schomburg1018 Words   |  4 Pages Why Dig up the Past? The Negro Digs Up His Past by Arthur Schomburg is an article he wrote in 1925, in which he complaint that somehow through the years African American history has been questioned and denied as many claim that Africans have no history at all. He uses this paper to illustrate the importance of recording the collective accomplishments of African Americans and that we must at all costs save any evidence, so that things like this do not happen again in the future. He wants to makeRead MoreWhat Was The Overall Impact Of The Harlem Renaissance1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribe the â€Å"New Negro†? Alain Locke was born on September 13, 1885, in Philadelphia. He was a writer, philosopher, and educator. He enjoyed the arts. He attended Harvard University, Hartford College, Oxford and Humboldt University of Berlin. He was a guest editor of for â€Å"Harlem Mecca of the New Negro† in March 1925 and in December of the same year the issue was expanded into The New Negro which is a collection of writings by African Americans. Locke himself contributed five of his essay which wasRead MoreColor Runs Deep868 Words   |  4 PagesThe word â€Å"Negro† was a self-identification that the black community gave themselves. It showed the degrading era of America towards African Americans. Langston Hughes is an African American man who uses the literary device of allusion to talk about the treatment of the black community in the early 20th century up until the present. Darkness and shadows usually speak of the past or looking to past. Hughes digs deep into the dirt of African land where his ancestors are buried and shares the historyRead MoreHoles Essay835 Words   |  4 Pagesto get across, Louis Satcher in the novel holes does exactly this. Throughout the novel Satcher is constantly convey ing the message of racial tolerance and intolerance, perseverance and has used clever techniques such as linking references from the past with the present to create an interesting novel filled with important themes about life. Satcher is constantly showing discrimination throughout the novel, one way he has done this is through the character of Stanley. He shows this when StanleyRead MoreThe Black Man and Langston Hughes1601 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica. Color which is inherent in the concept of self, manifest in race consciousness. This is extremely significant because an African American establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, that allowing the individual to be included in groups membership, â€Å"the subject of his self identity.† After the African Americans began to search for their identity looking through heritage, tradition, and folk traditions. Langston HughesRead MoreBaseball Isn’t as Simple as Black and White1392 Words   |  6 Pagesa utopia. You see, before Jackie Robinson debuted for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, there were no African-American baseball players. So, African-Americans were relegated to the Negro Leagues to play baseball. The Negro Leagues produced a fair amount of Baseball legends such as Satchel Paige and Ernie Banks. But, the Negro Leagues were seen as much lower talent-wise than the Major Leagues, where all the white people played. So, because of this, some African-Americans, who may or may not have beenRead MoreAnalysis Of Black Like Me1014 Words   |  5 PagesTo accomplish this task JHG took special pills and exposed himself to ultraviolet rays to darken the pigmentation of his skin, on top of the pills he also rubbed in a special dye that caused his skin to become even darker. After â€Å"transforming† into a bald-headed, black man JHG set across the southern United States. On his adventure he kept a journal, to document the events, in his journal he wrote about the people that he met and the advisement that they gave him. A considerable amount of the quotesRead MoreDelprà ¸ve 11607 Words   |  7 PagesTommy’s shack, swiping the mucus f rom his upper lip with his sleeve in an authoritative (3) flourish before he began. They had listened attentively (4) to all the big words from this small boy. Tommy started to cry with euphoria, rocking in his chair like a child. [†¦] She stared at him incredulously (5) and covered her lips with her fingers, nodding demurely (6). Then she found courage enough to offer him some food from the kitchen, and all four of them walked up to the mansion and ate in the scullery

Review Free Essays

Here you have another twenty something ungrateful Hollywood raised female woman-child, in another typically ungrateful for celebrity-family with parents who are so self absorbed and ungrateful towards themselves, that you wonder how they can have time left to be ungrateful towards the children under their roof/in their lives. But oh, they find time. So what keeps you watching? The 15 minute ‘clinique’ beauty of the twenty something self described â€Å"socialite†? The little â€Å"naughty-bits† they sneak in of TA just under the radar of standards and practices? The self-absorption of the parents? The back-talk and snotty attitudes the children are allowed to give to these parents? The unruliness of a blended family? Or just the idea of taking a peek into the life of â€Å"folks with celebrity† and then taking a look at your own life and realizing that mom and dad †¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now maybe aren’t SO bad. The beauty of freedom is that there will always be something for everyone. And in that freedom, you can take a look and decide if it’s good or bad. For me, this show is bad, meaningless. This is not to say that all TV must be 20 hours of â€Å"Leave it to Beaver† or the â€Å"Brady Bunch†. That’s unrealistic. We’ve got to be exposed to real family dysfunction to see that that the world isn’t always sugary sweet and pristine perfect. Not parents, not kids, not even our pets. But programs like this are getting to be a standard. There isn’t anything warm or exciting about viewing the life of a young woman who’s already hit her peak – mentally, educationally, sexually – and is heading downward fast. Or her mother who IS allowing it – even if it is only due to her own self-absorption. And a father who couldn’t care less because he ISN’T her father particularly, just another man in a long line of men that the mother has luckily hooked her claws into. And the household siblings – the siblings to whom you have a bet going that they will either run out of the home screaming for real love, acceptance, stability, boundaries – or end up just like their older sibling on a YouTube edited soft porn segment or even worse – a real one. Is this entertainment? Depends on you. It is a train wreck that you may stop to see for a minute or two – but there are so many OTHER train wrecks to see in â€Å"reality TV† these days from music television to classic television channels, why stick with this one? Even if its only for a minute? Well†¦ maybe to hug mom and dad and thank them that you’re not ever going to end up as dull, lifeless, and boring as this family no matter how much money, TV cameras or publicity there is in the world. This shows that fame, money — the appearance of it or the chasing of it — isn’t all it’s cracked up to be, but obviously will crack those who have it. Here you have another twenty something ungrateful Hollywood raised female woman-child, in another typically ungrateful for celebrity-family with parents who are so self absorbed and ungrateful towards themselves, that you wonder how they can have time left to be ungrateful towards the children under their roof/in their lives. But oh, they find time. So what keeps you watching? The 15 minute ‘clinique’ beauty of the twenty something self described â€Å"socialite†? The little â€Å"naughty-bits† they sneak in of TA just under the radar of standards and practices? The self-absorption of the parents? The back-talk and snotty attitudes the children are allowed to give to these parents? The unruliness of a blended family? Or just the idea of taking a peek into the life of â€Å"folks with celebrity† and then taking a look at your own life and realizing that mom and dad †¦. maybe aren’t SO bad. The beauty of freedom is that there will always be something for everyone. And in that freedom, you can take a look and decide if it’s good or bad. For me, this show is bad, meaningless. This is not to say that all TV must be 20 hours of â€Å"Leave it to Beaver† or the â€Å"Brady Bunch†. That’s unrealistic. We’ve got to be exposed to real family dysfunction to see that that the world isn’t always sugary sweet and pristine perfect. Not parents, not kids, not even our pets. But programs like this are getting to be a standard. There isn’t anything warm or exciting about viewing the life of a young woman who’s already hit her peak – mentally, educationally, sexually – and is heading downward fast. Or her mother who IS allowing it – even if it is only due to her own self-absorption. And a father who couldn’t care less because he ISN’T her father particularly, just another man in a long line of men that the mother has luckily hooked her claws into. And the household siblings – the siblings to whom you have a bet going that they will either run out of the home screaming for real love, acceptance, stability, boundaries – or end up just like their older sibling on a YouTube edited soft porn segment or even worse – a real one. Is this entertainment? Depends on you. It is a train wreck that you may stop to see for a minute or two – but there are so many OTHER train wrecks to see in â€Å"reality TV† these days from music television to classic television channels, why stick with this one? Even if its only for a minute? Well†¦ maybe to hug mom and dad and thank them that you’re not ever going to end up as dull, lifeless, and boring as this family no matter how much money, TV cameras or publicity there is in the world. This shows that fame, money — the appearance of it or the chasing of it — isn’t all it’s cracked up to be, but obviously will crack those who have it. How to cite Review, Papers review Free Essays

Communication Across Cultures free essay sample

Charles Foster’s, the US Director of Sales for High Technology Partners (HTC), composes an email in order to address some critical issues, which he believes, are threatening the supply of XD19 disk drives as well as the importance of resolving these issues. Foster decided to voice his concerns after several failed attempts were made in previous months to address the issues causing the lack of supply. Also, Foster felt that because the XD19 product line had just been launched, and given the fact it is a â€Å"core product† he was â€Å"scared† that the inability to meet consumer demand would eliminate any momentum the XD19 had gained.Foster believed the loss of momentum would be caused both internally due to shifting product line focus and externally due to the extensive amount of alternative products offered to both consumers and distributors as a result of the highly competitive US information technology market. The content of Foster’s email is very direct and critical of the joint ventures manufacturing operations process and directly states two main causes of the inability to meet consumer demand.From Foster’s perspective, given his background as a sales professional with direct exposure to the consumer market, the joint venture’s decision to base production forecasts on run-rates does not reliably project sales figures and are more concerned in cost cutting strategies for the manufacturing process. As a manufacturing company, run-rates are more attractive for the joint venture when forecasting sales because they keep inventories low and improve the inventory turnover.However, from a sales perspective run rates are based on current performance to generate a reliable projection over a certain period of time and do not accurately demonstrate industry trends based on consumer demand. Second, Foster expresses concern over the manufacturing method used by the joint venture . Foster states that by opting to produce the disk drive in batches with 3 to 5 month intervals based on the run rate projections, if an opportunity or sudden jump in demand occur, production of the disk drive cannot be ramped up to meet this demand.Thus, Foster feels it is critical to alter the production methods of the JV in order to be more consumer focused rather than focusing on maintaining low inventories. Also, Foster intends to unveil conflicting views with the JV’s current cost saving methods of production versus his view of meeting market demand and how the lack of quality control issues causing increased costs incurred by HTC. From Foster’s perspective, he is concerned by the current use of the 08 software because it contains several issues that do not meet quality standards in the US.Because the JV produces in batches and is focusing more on using the 08 software, as it meets requirements for use outside the United States, Foster is worried that the limited amount of 07software left in stock will potentially not be able to meet the market demand. Foster identifies the cost that will be incurred generated by the need to expedite the 07 software from Japan and France in order to meet the projected sales of the product. Foster stresses these concerns with the intension of addressing, in a professional and acceptable manner, to importance to of fixing the issues he sees as having a potential impact lack of supply. Foster first chooses to send the email to fellow American, Richard Howe, the Senior Vice President of HPT. Foster reports directly to Richard Howe. Given the professional relationship between the two men, Howe trusts that Foster’s concerns are valid and he decides they are important enough to pass along the to, Maurice Leblanc, the head of the Strategic Business Unit for HTC. Howe’s decisions are typical of a western style management, he addresses that concerns Foster presents to him, understands the issues are important, realizes it is not his area of expertise, and forwards the email to the appropriate individual that can handle the issues.Maurice Leblanc’s appears, as the head of the strategic business unit of HTP, and the individual responsible for assuring a successful JV, interprets the email with serious concern. He and immediately reaches out to Ahmed Hassan, president of the JV, to address the issues and to confirm the severity of the situation. Lablanc is concerned over the quality and control issues of the JV and specifically seeks information as to whether the JV is conforming to the Standard Protocol for the US safety standards. Ahmed Hassan, the president of the JV, is the final person to receive the email composed by Foster.Ahmed, given his middle-eastern background, interprets the situation very different than both Foster and Howe due to the differences in cultural norms between the US and the middle-east. Hassan does not understand the hierarchal communication process used in western-style management. He feels insulted by the strong wording and direct criticism of Fosters’ email and does not understand why Foster did not approach him directly and did not â€Å"call† him to ask him about his business but rather expressed his concerns to his manager.Hassan’s choice to call Foster demonstrates how differences in culture cause differences between his and Foster’s interpretation of the severity of the situation. Given the sequence of events and the actions and responses of the Charles Foster, Richard Howe, Maurice Leblanc, and Ahmed Hassan, both communication method, and lack of u nderstanding of one another’s culture are the main issues causing the confrontation between Hassan and Foster. Foster, Howe, are both from the US, and Leblanc, of France and possess and western style view on business and communication methods. They all choose to address the situation presented to them, and seek the appropriate person that can solve the problem. Their actions are based on a hierarchal system which does not necessarily permit direct communication between the party being addressing the problem and the party being criticized. The main cause of the confrontation that occurred were due to differences in culture between the four men. Ahmed Hassan, although having lived in France for most of his professional career, has a middle-eastern background. The cultural disparity between the middle-east and the western world is quite extensive.In the middle-east there may be more emphasis placed on the relationship rather than the hierarchal system of the western world. Also, the preference of communication method appears to be much different between Ahmed’s perspective and the other three men. Ahmed chooses to call Foster rather than email him. Also, Ahmed asks Hassan why he did not call him directly if Foster was concerned about is business practice. With this said, there were obvious communication breakdowns driven by cultural differences among the four men.Charles Foster is now faced with the critical task of deciding how to respond to Ahmed Hassan. Ahmed expressed how upset he was in his phone call to Foster, and thus Foster has appeared to lose credibility in Ahmed’s eyes, therefore if Foster wants to pursue solving the manufacturing issues he stated in his email, it would be wise for him to organize a face to face meeting with Howe, Hassan and Leblanc. As seen in exhibit 2 the effectiveness of a face to face meeting is much greater than communicating via email.Also, when meeting face to face there when cross cultural interaction regarding an issue, there is much less risk of misinterpretation due to cultural differences. Lastly, the time it takes to address, resolve, and implement a plan to improve production of the disk drive is much more time efficient when individuals meet in person. If it a meeting is organized, Foster should follow an MBI model approach as seen in exhibit 3 to ensure the meeting accomplishes what he intends to resolve. It is critical for Foster to understand the differences between Hassan’s cultural values and how they influenced his response to the Foster’s email.If Foster is able to understand this he can then approach the situation without necessarily blaming the JV’s production methods but evaluating them with the input of Hassan, which in turn should resolve the current issues. Lastly after a system is implemented, the business operations of both HTP and JV can commence with improved efficiency. In conclusion, although I cannot completely relate to the situation that unfolded in this case, I understand the importance of how cultural difference and the use of electronic communication can effect individual interpretation of a situation.In my experience using email, I have not had an experience where I have been misinterpreted to this extent due to cross cultural communication; however, I have experienced multiple situations where email has led to a delay in the completion of a task that either I am asked to do or I ask of someone else to complete. Also, I do have many international friends, and the difference in humor is quite noticeable when foreign speakers are speaking in English versus a native English speaker. Exhibit 1 Exhibit 2